中国海洋大学学报自然科学版  2018, Vol. 48 Issue (5): 59-65  DOI: 10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20170056

引用本文  

马淑伟, 王军, 单瑞后, 等. 金鱼卵黄原蛋白单抗夹心ELISA的开发及其在环境雌激素检测中的应用[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 48(5): 59-65.
MA Shu-Wei, WANG Jun, SHAN Rui-Hou, et al. Development of a Monoclonal Antibody-based Sandwich ELISA for Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Vitellogenin and Its Application for Detecting Environmental Estrogens[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2018, 48(5): 59-65.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目 基于褐牙鲆卵壳前体蛋白的海洋环境雌激素生物标志物检测技术(21607144)资助
Supported by theNational Natural Sciense Foundation of China(21607144)

通讯作者

王军, E-mail: wangjun@ouc.edu.cn

作者简介

马淑伟(1990-),女,硕士生,研究方向为生态毒理学。E-mail: ldmashuwei@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-02-15
修订日期:2017-04-04
金鱼卵黄原蛋白单抗夹心ELISA的开发及其在环境雌激素检测中的应用
马淑伟 , 王军 , 单瑞后 , 张振忠 , 汝少国     
中国海洋大学海洋生命学院,山东 青岛 266003
摘要:利用Western blot和ELISA方法,从实验室现有的斑马鱼(Danio rerio)卵黄脂磷蛋白(Lipovitellin, Lv)单克隆抗体库中筛选出了对金鱼(Carassius auratus)卵黄原蛋白(Vitellogenin, Vtg)具有高特异性、高亲和力的单抗H3A8。以纯化的单抗H3A8、金鱼Lv与HRP标记的Lv多克隆抗体建立了夹心ELISA,其工作范围为15.6~1 000 ng·mL-1,检出限为9.6 ng·mL-1,组内差异与组间差异分别为1.30%~4.99%和2.30%~4.37%,并且金鱼Vtg与Lv的标准曲线几乎重合,表明建立的夹心ELISA可以准确定量金鱼Vtg,并利用建立的ELISA测定了10、100、1 000 ng/L 17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol, E2)暴露3和21 d后雄性金鱼血浆与体表粘液中的Vtg含量,发现1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露3 d、100与1 000ng·L-1 E2暴露21 d均能显著升高雄鱼血浆和体表粘液中的Vtg含量,E2暴露21 d后雄鱼血浆与体表粘液中的Vtg含量较为接近,建议将取样简便且对鱼体无伤害的体表粘液用作今后金鱼Vtg的检测样品。
关键词金鱼    卵黄原蛋白    单克隆抗体    ELISA    环境雌激素    

鱼类卵黄原蛋白(vitellogenin, Vtg)是目前检测环境雌激素活性最常用的生物标志物,其测定通常采用基于Vtg或卵黄脂磷蛋白(lipovitellin, Lv)多克隆抗体建立的酶联免疫吸附方法(ELISA)[1-2]。与多克隆抗体相比,单克隆抗体识别单一抗原表位,具有更高的特异性,利用单克隆抗体建立的ELISA能显著提高检测的精确度,可以更加准确地定量Vtg[3-4]。然而,单克隆抗体的制备成本高,技术难度大,目前只开发了青鳉(Oryzias latipes)、虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)等几种鱼类的Vtg或Lv单克隆抗体[3, 5-6]。金鱼(Carassius auratus)是环境雌激素研究常用的受试生物[2, 7],研究者已经利用多克隆抗体建立了金鱼Vtg的ELISA[8-9],但是至今未见金鱼Vtg单抗ELISA的报道。同科鱼类的Vtg具有相近的免疫源性,能被同科鱼类Vtg抗体识别,例如鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)Vtg多克隆抗体常被用于检测黑头呆鱼(Pimephales promelas)和金鱼等鲤科鱼类的Vtg[1, 10],推测单克隆抗体也可以检测同科鱼类的Vtg。因此,本研究尝试利用实验室制备的斑马鱼Lv单克隆抗体[11]建立金鱼Vtg的ELISA。

鱼类Vtg ELISA建立后需要开展17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol, E2)或其它雌激素类物质的暴露实验,以检验方法的可靠性[12]。血浆是检测Vtg常用的样品[2, 13],但是血样采集过程会对鱼体造成伤害甚至死亡。随着人们对动物保护与福利的日益关注,开发无伤害的检测方法引起了研究者的关注。Moncaut等[14]提出南美鲷鱼(Cichlasoma dimerus)体表粘液中含有Vtg,可以用作检测样品。因此,本研究利用建立的单抗夹心ELISA测定了E2暴露后金鱼血浆和体表粘液中的Vtg含量,评价了以金鱼体表粘液代替血浆,用于Vtg检测的可行性。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验用鱼

金鱼购自青岛市南山花鸟虫鱼市场,体重(21.6±3.6) g、体长(9.4±0.6) cm,实验室驯养两周后用于实验。实验容器为50 L玻璃水族箱,实验用水为连续曝气24 h的自来水,溶解氧为(7.0±0.1) mg·L-1,光周期(光暗比)为16:8,每天饲喂适量金鱼颗粒饵料。

1.2 金鱼Vtg与Lv的纯化

金鱼Vtg与Lv的提取和纯化采用此前实验室报道的两步层析法[15]

1.3 单克隆细胞株的筛选

将对照雄鱼血浆、E2诱导雄鱼血浆、纯化的金鱼Vtg进行SDS-PAGE,将蛋白转印到PVDF膜,封闭后,利用8株斑马鱼Lv单克隆抗体室温孵育4 h;TBST洗3次后,用辣根过氧化物酶标记羊抗兔LgG室温孵育4 h,TBST洗膜3次后,用DAB显色液显色,待条带清晰时,用蒸馏水终止反应。将筛选出的杂交瘤细胞株进行扩大培养。

1.4 抗体的生产与纯化

参照An等[6]的方法制备大量单克隆抗体。向小鼠腹腔注射杂交瘤细胞105个;10 d后取腹水,收集上清,纯化单克隆抗体。利用Bradford法测定蛋白浓度,保存于-80 ℃。

1.5 夹心ELISA的建立与性能评价

参考Mitsui等[16]的方法,将纯化的斑马鱼Lv单克隆抗体用碳酸钠包被缓冲液(0.05 Mol/L, pH 9.6)稀释至5 μg·mL-1后,4℃包被过夜;次日,37 ℃封闭1 h,用PBST清洗3次后,加入100 μL梯度稀释的纯化金鱼Lv,37 ℃孵育1 h,随后加入100 μL不同稀释倍数的HRP-标记金鱼Lv多克隆抗体(1:5 000、1:10 000、1:20 000、1:40 000),于37℃孵育1 h;最后,加入100 μL TMB单组分显色液(Solarbio, China),37 ℃显色10 min,用2N H2SO4终止反应,测定450 nm下的吸光值。

参照Nilsen等[17]与Maltais等[18]的方法测定ELISA的精确度与检出限。精确度通过组内差异与组间差异评价,检出限定义为12个0标准品孔吸光值的平均值加上两倍标准差所对应的标准品浓度。

1.6 E2对金鱼Vtg的诱导

采用半静态毒性试验方法,E2暴露浓度分别为0、10、100和1 000 ng·L-1,3、21 d后采集血样与体表粘液。体表粘液的采集按照Maltais和Roy[19]的方法略加修改,用刀片轻轻擦拭金鱼尾鳍,将刀片上粘液转移至1.5 mL离心管中,称重,按1:10(w:v)加入预冷的含有抑酶肽(0.05 IU·mL-1)的0.01 mol/L PBS (pH 7.4),匀浆后,4℃ 8 000 g离心10 min,取上清。利用Western blot和ELISA检测血浆与体表粘液中的Vtg。

1.7 数据分析

金鱼(n=6)血浆与体表粘液中Vtg含量经Tukey’s检验后进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。所有数据以平均值±标准差的形式表示,当P<0.05时,定为差异显著,P<0.01时,定为差异极显著。数据统计检验采用SPSS软件(version 18)进行。

2 结果 2.1 单克隆细胞株的筛选与抗体获取

Western blot结果显示,H2H6、H1C8、H4C11、H3A8检测到纯化Vtg与E2诱导组雄鱼血浆的多条清晰条带,但与对照雄鱼血浆不发生交叉反应(见图 1)。将这4株细胞扩大培养后,利用Protein G纯化获得了H2H6、H1C8、H4C11、H3A8单克隆抗体的IgG组分。

(1:纯化的Vtg;2:E2诱导组雄鱼血浆;3:对照组雄鱼血浆。1: purified Vtg; 2: E2-induced male plasma; 3: control male plasma.) 图 1 Western blot测定斑马鱼Lv单克隆抗体对金鱼Vtg的特异性 Fig. 1 Specificity ofanti-zebrafish Lvmonoclonal antibodies to goldfish Vtg by Western blot analysis
2.2 夹心ELISA的建立

以纯化的4种单抗分别包被酶标板,以HRP标记的金鱼Lv多抗(稀释倍数为10 000倍)为检测抗体建立了夹心ELISA。以单抗H2H6与H4C11包被时,金鱼Lv标准品的吸光值很低,且不呈线性;在利用单抗H3A8与H1C8建立的ELISA中,金鱼Lv的吸光值较高,具有较好的线性,相比之下,在基于单抗H3A8建立的夹心ELISA中Lv曲线的斜率更大(见图 2)。

图 2 利用夹心ELISA筛选单克隆抗体 Fig. 2 Screening monoclonal antibody by sandwich ELISA

当单抗H3A8包被浓度为5 μg·mL-1时,不同稀释倍数HRP标记抗体获得的曲线如图 3A所示。当HRP标记抗体稀释1:10 000时,曲线具有很宽的工作范围,呈现较好的线性,并且最大吸光值在3.0左右,在该反应条件下,ELISA的工作范围为15.6~1 000 ng·mL-1 (y=1.664 9x-2.106 2,R2=0.990 4),检出限为9.6 ng·mL-1(见图 3B)。

图 3 HRP标记抗体稀释倍数的确定(A)与夹心ELISA的标准曲线(B) Fig. 3 Determination of the optimal dilution of HRP-labeled antibody (A) and a standard curve of sandwich ELISA (B)

利用单抗H3A8建立的夹心ELISA同时检测了纯化的金鱼Vtg与Lv,发现它们的标准曲线几乎重合(见图 4)。

图 4 金鱼Vtg和Lv免疫同源性检测 Fig. 4 Test of immunologic similarities between goldfishVtg and Lv

利用Lv标准品测定了ELISA的精确度。其组内差异为1.30%~4.99%,组间差异为2.30%~4.37%(见表 1),均低于5%。

表 1 ELISA组内差异与组间差异的测定 Table 1 Intra-assay and inter-assay CV values determined inthe ELISA
2.3 E2暴露对金鱼血浆与体表粘液Vtg的诱导 2.3.1 E2暴露3 d

Western blot结果显示,单抗H3A8在对照组、10和100 ng·L-1 E2暴露3 d后的雄鱼血浆、体表粘液均未检测到Vtg条带;在1 000 ng·L-1暴露组雄鱼血浆、体表粘液均检测到两条与纯化Vtg相同的条带(见图 5)。

(1:对照组;2:10 ng·L-1组;3:100 ng·L-1组;4:1000 ng·L-1组;5:纯化的金鱼Vtg。Land 1: control; land 2: 10 ng·L-1; land 3: 100 ng·L-1; land 4: 1 000 ng·L-1; land 5:purified goldfishVtg.) 图 5 Western blot检测E2暴露3 d后雄鱼血浆(A)和体表粘液(B)中的Vtg. Fig. 5 Vtg inductionin plasma(A)and surface mucus(B) of male goldfish exposed to E2for 3 days detected by Western blot

对照组、10 ng L-1和100 ng L-1E2暴露3 d后的雄鱼血浆和体表粘液均未检测到Vtg,1 000 ng L-1暴露组雄鱼血浆和体表粘液中Vtg含量分别为(168.5±32.2) μg·mL-1和(9.9±1.7)μg·mL-1,显著高于对照组(P<0.01,见图 6)。

图 6 利用ELISA测定不同浓度E2暴露3 d后雄性金鱼血浆(A)和体表粘液(B)中的Vtg浓度 Fig. 6 Vtgconcentrations in plasma (A) and surface mucus(B) of male goldfishexposed to different E2for 3 daysdetected by ELISA.
2.3.2 E2暴露21 d

Western blot结果显示,对照组与10 ng·L-1 E2暴露21 d后的雄鱼血浆和体表粘液未检测到Vtg条带,100 ng·L-1 E2暴露组雄鱼血浆检测到两条带,1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露组出现了多条清晰条带(见图 7A)。100和1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露组雄鱼体表粘液检测到2条清晰条带及1条较弱条带(见图 7B)。

(1:对照组;2:10 ng·L-1组;3:100 ng·L-1组;4:1 000 ng·L-1组;5:金鱼Vtg。Land 1: control; land 2: 10 ng·L-1; land 3: 100 ng·L-1; land 4: 1 000 ng·L-1; land 5: goldfish Vtg.) 图 7 Western blot检测E2暴露21 d后雄鱼血浆(A)和体表粘液(B)中的Vtg Fig. 7 Vtg induction in plasma (A)and surface mucus (B) of male goldfish exposed to E2for 21 days detected by Western blot

ELISA结果显示,对照组与10 ng·L-1 E2暴露组雄鱼血浆和体表粘液中未检测到Vtg,100与1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露后雄鱼血浆Vtg含量显著升高至(14.6±4.7)、(1 216.0±525.2)μg·mL-1 (P<0.01,见图 8A)。100与1 000 ng·L-1暴露组雄鱼体表粘液中的Vtg含量显著升高至(17.2±0.2)、(288.53±125.6)μg·mL-1 (P<0.01,见图 8B)。

图 8 利用ELISA测定不同浓度E2暴露21 d后雄鱼血浆(A)和体表粘液(B)的Vtg浓度 Fig. 8 Vtg concentrations in plasma (A) and surface mucus (B) of male goldfish exposed to different E2 for 21 days detected by ELISA
3 讨论

本研究利用斑马鱼Lv单克隆抗体建立了金鱼Vtg的夹心ELISA,为金鱼Vtg的检测提供了新的方法。Western blot结果显示,单抗H2H6、H1C8、H4C11、H3A8能够检测到E2诱导组雄鱼血浆与纯化Vtg的阳性条带,但是与对照组雄鱼血浆无交叉反应,表明它们对金鱼Vtg具有很高的特异性,这与斑马鱼Vtg的研究结果相近[20];并且金鱼Vtg在以上4种单抗的检测下都显示一条清晰的主带与多条弱带,这与金鱼Vtg多克隆抗体的Western blot结果相一致[21],表明斑马鱼Lv单抗能够识别金鱼Vtg的多个亚基,可以用于金鱼Vtg的检测。ELISA的结果显示单抗H3A8对金鱼Lv具有更宽的检测范围,且斜率明显高于其它抗体,表明该抗体对金鱼Lv具有更高的亲和力。以单抗H3A8为包被抗体,以纯化的金鱼Lv为标准品,以HRP标记金鱼Lv多克隆抗体为检测抗体建立了夹心ELISA,发现金鱼Vtg与Lv的标准曲线几乎完全重合,可见单抗H3A8对金鱼Vtg与Lv具有相同的结合能力;ELISA的组内与组间差异均低于5%,低于金鱼Vtg多克隆抗体建立的ELISA方法[21],表现出很高的精确度。以上结果证实基于斑马鱼Lv单克隆抗体建立的夹心ELISA能够准确定量金鱼Vtg。本研究建立的ELISA工作范围为15.6~1 000 ng·mL-1,检出限约为9.6 ng·mL-1,与鲤鱼和纹鳢(Channastriata)等鱼类Vtg ELISA的研究结果相近[22-23],但是高于金鱼Vtg多克隆抗体建立的ELISA[21]。为进一步提高检测方法的敏感度,今后有必要开发金鱼Vtg的单克隆抗体。

有研究报道鱼类血浆与体表粘液中的Vtg含量在外源雌激素的诱导下存在正相关性[18, 24],并且鱼类体表粘液取样较血浆取样方便,对鱼体没有伤害,更适合用作Vtg的检测样品[24-25]。为检验金鱼体表粘液中的Vtg是否能够有效指示外源化合物的雌激素活性,本研究利用建立的ELISA测定E2暴露后雄性金鱼血浆和体表粘液中的Vtg含量。E2的环境浓度通常在5~199.0 ng/L之间[26-27],本研究据此设计了E2的暴露浓度为10、100与1 000 ng·L-1。检测结果显示,100与1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露21 d能诱导雄性金鱼血浆产生Vtg,这与E2对斑马鱼Vtg的诱导结果相一致[28],证明基于斑马鱼Lv单抗建立的ELISA能够用于检测外源化合物对金鱼的雌激素活性。此前,有研究报道腹腔注射E2能够诱导雄性罗非鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus)和金鱼体表粘液产生Vtg[21, 29]。本研究在1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露3 d、100和1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露21 d后雄鱼体表粘液检测到了Vtg,表明E2水体暴露同样会诱导金鱼体表粘液生成Vtg。在1 000 ng·L-1 E2暴露3 d时,雄鱼血浆中Vtg含量远高于体表粘液,约为体表粘液Vtg含量的17倍,但是100 ng·L-1 E2暴露21 d后雄鱼血浆中Vtg的含量是体表粘液的1.2倍,可见在外源化合物质长期暴露下,体表粘液与血浆中的Vtg含量更为接近,可以有效指示外源化合物的雌激素活性。

综上,本研究首次建立了金鱼Vtg的单抗夹心ELISA,并且发现金鱼体表粘液Vtg可以用作环境雌激素的无伤害检测指标,为金鱼Vtg指标在环境雌激素研究中应用提供了重要的方法学参考。

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Development of a Monoclonal Antibody-based Sandwich ELISA for Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Vitellogenin and Its Application for Detecting Environmental Estrogens
MA Shu-Wei, WANG Jun, SHAN Rui-Hou, ZHANG Zhen-Zhong, RU Shao-Guo     
College of Marine Life Science Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
Abstract: In this study, a sandwich ELISA for the quantification of goldfish (Carassius auratus) vitellogenin (Vtg) was developed using zebrafish lipovitellin (Lv) monoclonal antibody. Firstly, a monoclonal antibody (named H3A8) with high specificity and affinity to goldfish Vtg was screened from anti-zebrafish Lv monoclonal antibody library using Western blot and ELISA analysis. Then, purified monoclonal antibody H3A8, goldfish Lv, and HRP-labeled anti-Lv polyclonal antibody were used to develop a sandwich ELISA, which had a detection limit of 9.6 ng·mL-1 and a working range from 15.6 to 1 000 ng·mL-1. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 1.30%~4.99% and 2.30%~4.37%, respectively. Moreover, goldfish Vtg standard curve was nearly identical to the Lv standard curve, confirming that the sandwich ELISA could be used for quantification of goldfish Vtg. Subsequently, the established ELISA was used toVtg induction in plasma and surface mucus of male goldfish exposed to 10、100、1 000 ng·L-1 17β-estradiol(E2) for 3 and 21 days. The results showed that 1 000 ng·L-1 E2 exposed for 3 days as well as 100 and 1 000 ng·L-1 E2 exposed for 21 days could significantly increase plasma and surface mucus Vtg concentrations. In addition, Vtg concentration in surface mucus was relatively close to that of plasma. Therefore, Vtg in surface mucus maybe an alternative for the detection of environmental estrogens due to its easycollection and non-invasion.
Key words: Goldfish    vitellogenin    monoclonal antibody    ELISA    environmental estrogens