武汉大学学报(医学版)   2018, Vol. 39Issue (6): 1005-1008, 1013   DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2018.0596.
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引用本文 

高军, 李富良, 何旭. 术前给予ω-3鱼油脂肪酸改善恶性梗阻性黄疸患者预后的效果与机制[J]. 武汉大学学报(医学版), 2018, 39(6): 1005-1008, 1013. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2018.0596.
GAO Jun, LI Fuliang, HE Xu. Effects and Mechanism of Preoperative Omega-3 Fish Oil Fatty Acid Administration on Prognosis of Patients with Malignant Obstructive Jaundice[J]. Medical Journal of Wuhan University, 2018, 39(6): 1005-1008, 1013. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2018.0596.

作者简介

高军,男,1975-,医学硕士生,主要从事肝胆胰肿瘤疾病的研究, E-mail: 13872842534@163.com

通讯作者

李富良,男,1962-,主任医师,教授,主要从事肝胆胃肠疾病的研究, E-mail: 1377954731@qq.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-06-20
术前给予ω-3鱼油脂肪酸改善恶性梗阻性黄疸患者预后的效果与机制
高军 , 李富良 , 何旭     
湖北省十堰市中医医院普外科 湖北 十堰 442012
[摘要] 目的: 探讨术前给予ω-3鱼油脂肪酸改善恶性梗阻性黄疸患者预后的效果与机制。方法: 采用回顾性研究方法,选择2015年9月到2018年2月在我院重症监护病房(ICU)诊治的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者72例,根据治疗方法的不同分为研究组40例与对照组32例。两组都给予内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆道支架(引流)术与常规肠外营养支持,研究组术前5 d开始给予口服ω-3鱼油脂肪酸,对照组术前不给予口服ω-3鱼油脂肪酸,记录两组患者术后感染发生情况与预后情况。结果: 两组术前5 d、术后1 d与术后14 d的肝功能指标AST和ALT在组内与组间对比差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组术后14 d的CD4+值显著高于术前5 d与术后1 d(P<0.05),也显著高于对照组(P<0.05),CD3+值在组内与组间对比差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组术后14 d的胆道感染、肺部感染、腹腔感染等并发症发生率为5.0%,对照组为25.0%,研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后14 d的APACHEⅡ评分低于对照组,住院时间少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论: 术前给予ω-3鱼油脂肪酸能降低恶性梗阻性黄疸术后感染的发生,不影响患者的肝功能,能提高患者的免疫功能,促进患者的康复。
关键词ω-3鱼油脂肪酸    恶性梗阻性黄疸    ERCP胆道支架(引流)术    感染    
Effects and Mechanism of Preoperative Omega-3 Fish Oil Fatty Acid Administration on Prognosis of Patients with Malignant Obstructive Jaundice
GAO Jun, LI Fuliang, HE Xu     
Dept. General Surgery, Shiyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shiyan 442012, Hubei, China
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effects and mechanism of preoperative ω-3 fish oil fatty acid administration on improving the prognosis in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. Methods: From September 2015 to February 2018, 72 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice treated in ICU were selected and were divided into ω-3 fish oil fatty acid group (ω-3 group, n=40) and control group (n=32). Both groups were given ERCP biliary stent (drainage) and routine parenteral nutrition support, and the observation group were given preoperative ω-3 fish oil fatty acid administration for 5 days. The incidence postoperative infection and prognosis between the two groups were compared. Results: There were no statistically significant difference in serum AST and ALT between the two groups at the end of 5 d preoperation, 1 d postoperation and 14 d postoperation (all P>0.05). The CD4+ counts of ω-3 group at 14 d after operation were significantly higher than that at 5 d preoperation and 1 d postoperation (both P < 0.05), and were also significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05), and there were no significant difference in the CD3+ counts as compared between the two groups (P>0.05). At the end of 14 d after operation, the incidence of biliary tract infection, lung infection, incision infection and other complications in ω-3 group was significant lower than that in the control group (5% vs 25.0%, P < 0.05), and the APACHE Ⅱ scores and the hospital stays were less in ω-3 group than in control group (both P < 0.05). Conclusion: The preoperative administration of ω-3 fish oil fatty acid can reduce the incidence of postoperative infection in malignant obstructive jaundice, improve the immune function and promote the recovery of the patients, but it do not affect the liver function of the patients.
Key Words: Omega-3 Fish Oil Fatty Acid    Malignant Obstructive Jaundice    ERCP Biliary Stent (Drainage)    Infection    

恶性梗阻性黄疸(malignant obstructive jaundice,MOJ)是指因肝胆胰恶性肿瘤转移、浸润导致肝内外胆管梗阻所引起的疾病[1, 2]。随着医学技术的发展,经胆道胰胆管逆行造影(ERCP)胆道支架(引流)术得到了广泛应用,能减轻对于患者的创伤[3, 4]。但是多数恶性梗阻性黄疸患者存在免疫力低下、肠黏膜屏障损伤、肠液逆流等不良因素,导致患者在术后存在比较多的并发症,严重情况下导致患者死亡[5, 6]。在营养支持中,很多患者常常食欲不佳,经口服肠内营养多口味不佳而依从性较差,使得ERCP胆道支架(引流)术前的支持治疗难以达到满意的效果[7, 8]。鱼油脂肪酸作为临床上的常见免疫营养剂,可为机体提供热量,还能调节免疫应答[9]。本文具体探讨了术前给予ω-3鱼油脂肪酸改善恶性梗阻性黄疸患者预后的效果与机制,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

采用回顾性总结研究方法,2015年9月到2018年2月选择在我院重症监护病房(ICU)诊治的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者72例,纳入标准:临床资料完整者;符合恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断标准,具有ICU收治指征;患者在自愿条件下同意行ERCP胆道支架(引流)术与术前营养支持治疗,签署了知情同意书;年龄40-65岁;研究得到医院伦理委员会的批准;APACHEⅡ评分≥12分。排除标准:有严重精神疾患不能合作者;存在胃肠道功能障碍者;胆道支架植入不成功者。根据治疗方法的不同分为研究组40例与对照组32例,两组患者的发病到入院时间、APACHEⅡ评分等对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1

表 1 两组一般资料对比

研究组原发疾病中壶腹癌10例,乳头癌6例,胆管下段癌8例,胆囊癌5例,肝癌侵犯胆管2例,肝门部胆管癌4例,胰腺癌5例;对照组原发疾病中壶腹癌8例,乳头癌5例,胆管下段癌6例,胆囊癌4例,肝癌侵犯胆管2例,肝门部胆管癌3例,胰腺癌4例。

1.2 治疗方法

两组都给予ERCP胆道支架(引流)术,逆行性胰胆管造影了解梗阻的性质,在导丝引导下逐级扩张狭窄处,采用内引流支架置于十二指肠乳头外肠道内,释放支架。

研究组术前5 d开始给予口服ω-3鱼油脂肪酸(尤文,华瑞公司生产),每次100 ml,1次/d,连续5 d。

对照组术前不给予口服ω-3鱼油脂肪酸。

两组都给予常规术前肠外营养干预,营养剂由华瑞公司提供,20-25 kJ/(kg\5d),包括30%脂肪乳剂、10%-50%葡萄糖,氮入量0.2 g/(kg\5d),糖脂比为6:4,并适量给予维生素、水与电解质按出入平衡供给,营养液统一由我院采用3 L袋混合配制完成。

1.3 观察指标

① 所有患者在术前5 d、术后1 d与术后14 d抽取空腹静脉血,进行血清肝功能[丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)]、外周血T细胞亚群的检测。②观察与记录两组术后14 d感染并发症的发生情况,包括包括胆道感染、肺部感染、腹腔感染等。③记录两组患者术后14 d的APACHEⅡ评分与住院时间。

1.4 统计学方法

选择SPSS 22.00软件对计量数据与计数数据进行分析,正态分布的数据以均数±标准差(x±s)、百分比、率等表示,对比采用成组t检验、配对t检验分析、卡方分析、方差分析等,检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果 2.1 肝功能变化对比

两组术前5 d、术后1 d与术后14 d的血清AST和ALT在组内与组间对比差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 两组不同时间点的血清AST和ALT对比(U/L, x±s)
2.2 免疫功能变化对比

研究组术后14 d的CD4+值显著高于术前5 d与术后1 d(P<0.05),也显著高于对照组(P<0.05),CD3+值在组内与组间对比差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 两组不同时间点的免疫功能变化比较(%, x±s)
2.3 感染发生率对比

研究组术后14 d的胆道感染、肺部感染、腹腔感染等并发症发生率为5.0%,对照组为25.0%,研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表 4

表 4 两组术后感染发生率对比(n)
2.4 APACHEⅡ评分与住院时间对比

研究组术后14 d的APACHEⅡ评分低于对照组,住院时间少于对照组(P<0.05)。见表 5

表 5 两组APACHEⅡ评分与住院时间对比(x±s)
3 讨论

恶性梗阻性黄疸为壶腹癌、胆囊癌、肝门部恶性肿瘤、胰腺癌、胆管癌等压迫、生长及浸润而引起的肝内外胆管阻塞,从而导致肝内胆汁淤积的临床疾病[10]。由于该病呈现无痛性、进行性的特征,早期难以发现,故大多数患者在就诊时多为晚期,且病灶在局部解剖上邻近胰腺十二指肠及肝门区,导致预后比较差[11]。根治性手术切除恶性病变、解除梗阻是对恶性梗阻性黄疸的首选治疗方案,但手术创伤大,易发生术后并发症,导致预后不良。目前ERCP胆道支架(引流)术已成为恶性梗阻性黄疸的主要方法,但是由于患者的基础疾病比较差,ERCP胆道支架(引流)术对于患者也有一定的损伤,而术前进食困难和术后禁食均可造成机体免疫功能进一步下降,不利于患者康复[12]。同时当前对于恶性梗阻性黄疸的营养支持多为术后阶段,关于术前营养支持的报道比较少[13]

本研究显示两组术前5 d、术后1 d与术后14 d的血清AST和ALT在组内与组间对比差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脂肪酸分为必需脂肪酸和非必需脂肪酸,其中必需脂肪酸主要包括ω-3和ω-6系脂肪酸。ω-3脂肪酸可以在体内氧化供能,影响细胞结构的组成和物质代谢,进而影响细胞功能[14]。ω-3鱼油脂肪酸应用于恶性梗阻性黄疸患者并不影响其肝功能,不过也有部分患者在术前营养支持过程中,常有轻度黄疸、肝功能异常等情况,这可能与蛋白质分解增加和(或)外源性氮的利用障碍等有关[15]

本研究显示研究组术后14 d的CD4+值显著高于术前5 d与术后1 d(P<0.05),也显著高于对照组(P<0.05),CD3+值在组内与组间对比差异都无统计学意义(P>0.05),表明ω-3鱼油脂肪酸的应用能促进患者免疫功能的恢复。恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床症状表现隐匿,很多患者明确诊断时多为中晚期,手术切除率一般不到20%[16]。不过患者机体处于一种严重免疫紊乱状态,在营养干预中需要增强患者的免疫功能。Lopes等的研究表明ω-3鱼油脂肪酸可以通过多种机制调控机体的免疫功能和炎症反应,影响多种免疫细胞的功能[17]。也有研究发现ω-3鱼油脂肪酸可以降低细胞的免疫反应,影响多种免疫细胞的功能[18]

本研究显示研究组术后14 d的胆道感染、肺部感染、腹腔感染等并发症发生率为5.0%,对照组为25.0%,研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。恶性梗阻性黄疸行ERCP胆道支架(引流)术后存在比较多的并发症,特别是感染的发生几率增加。比如胆道梗阻时,胆汁引流受阻、淤积,易致细菌繁殖;而患者术后全身免疫功能下降,是诱发感染的易感因素[19]。并且恶性梗阻性黄疸时肠黏膜化学屏障受损,胆汁缺乏,肠黏膜形态改变和肌跨壁电生理活动减少,导致肠黏膜萎缩,容易造成术后感染。从机制上分析,ω-3鱼油脂肪酸能置换细胞膜磷脂中的花生四烯酸,从而减少来源于花生四烯酸的炎性介质,减轻炎症反应;其也通过影响酶或细胞因子的基因表达,致机体细胞发生分化、凋亡、代谢、增殖等一系列的改变,从而减少术后感染并发症的发生[20]。本研究显示研究组术后14 d的APACHEⅡ评分低于对照组,住院时间少于对照组(P<0.05)。相关研究表明ω-3鱼油脂肪酸通过降低危重疾病患者炎症介质的过度释放,从而改善患者的预后。不过本研究也有一定的不足,需要进一步扩大样本量,从而获得更多的临床数据,以判定ω-3鱼油脂肪酸的临床应用价值。

综上所述,术前给予ω-3鱼油脂肪酸能提高患者的免疫功能,可以降低恶性梗阻性黄疸术后感染的发生率,促进患者的康复,且不影响患者的肝功能。

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